We all know that Blacks owned slave in New Orleans prior to and after the Louisiana Purchase. But there is more to the story. Whenever Black Americans claim all Euro DNA is from rape of white slave masters now you can tell them that they are wrong.
INTRODUCTION
These genealogies, comprising the colonial history of the majority of the free African American families of Virginia and North Carolina, illustrate the colonial and early national history of their communities:
Most of the families were the descendants of white servant women who had children by slaves. Over one thousand children were born to white women by slaves in Maryland and Virginia during the colonial period.
Many descended from slaves who were freed before the 1723 Virginia law which required legislative approval for manumissions. Families like Gowen, Cumbo, and Driggers who were free in the mid-seventeenth century had several hundred members before the end of the colonial period.
Very few African American families that were free during the colonial period descended from white slave owners who had children by their slaves, less than 1% of the total.
Many free African American families in colonial North Carolina and Virginia were landowners who were generally accepted by their white neighbors.
Over 420 free-born African Americans served in the Revolution from Virginia, over 390 from North Carolina and 40 from South Carolina.
Free Indians blended into the free African American communities. They did not form their own separate communities.
Some of the light-skinned descendants of free African Americans formed the tri-racial isolates of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Louisiana.
Virginia Origins
Most of the free African Americans of Virginia and North Carolina originated in Virginia where they became free in the seventeenth and eighteenth century before chattel slavery and racism fully developed in the colonies.
When they arrived in Virginia, Africans joined a society which was divided between master and white servant--a society with such contempt for white servants that masters were not punished for beating them to death in 1624. They joined the same households with white servants--working, eating, sleeping, getting drunk, and running away together [McIlwaine, Minutes of the Council, 1622-1632, 1670-1676, 22-24, 466-7; Northampton Orders 1664-74, fol.25, p.31-fol.31; Hening, Statutes at Large, II:26, 117; Charles City County Orders 1687-95, 468; Westmoreland County Orders 1752-5, 41a]. Some of these first African slaves became free:
Families descended from white women whose histories are included in this work include: Abel (3 children), Acre, Alford, Allen, Alvis, Ancel, Anderson (3 children), Angus, Armfield, Armstrong, Arnold, Ashby (3 children), Atkinson, Avery, Baine, Baker, Balkham, Baltrip, Banks (2 children), Barber, Barnett, Barrow, Bazden (2 children), Beckett (6 children), Bee, Bell (2 children), Bibbens (2 children), Bibby, Bluford, Bolton, Boon, Bowden, Bowles, Boyd, Britt, Brooks, Bruce, Bryan (2 families), Bryant, Bugg, Bunch, Bunday, Burden, Burke, Burnett, Burkett, Burrell, Buss, Butler, Byrd (2 children), Campbell, Cannady (4 children), Cary, Case (2 families), Cassidy, Cauther, Chambers, Chapman, Clark (3 families), Cole, Collins (2 families), Combess Connely, Conner (3 children), Cook (two families), Cooley, Copes (2 children), Corn, Cotance, Cousins, Craig, Crane, Craney, Cunningham, Cuttillo (3 children), Daley, Dalton, Davenport (5 children), Davis, Day (3 children), Dennis (2 children), Dempsey (5 children), Dennis, Donathan, Driver, Duncan, Dunn, Dunstan, Dutchfield, Edgar, Elliott, Ellis, ******, Farrell, Fielding, Finnie, Fletcher (3 children), Flora, Fortune, Fullam (2 children), Fuller, Gallimore (3 childen), Ganes, Gillett (2 children), Gilmore, Grace, Graham, Grant (2 children), Gray, Grayson, Gregory, Griffin, Grimes, Gwinn, Hagins, Haithcock, Hall, Ham, Hamilton, Hammond, Hanson (2 children), Harrison, Haws, Haynes (2 children), Heath, Hilliard, Hitchens, Hobson, Hodges, Hogg (4 children), Holt, Hood, Honest (2 children), Horn, Howard, Howell (2 families), Hubbard, Hughes (2 children), Hurley, Jenkins, Jones (3 families, 5 children), Keemer (2 children), Kelly, Kent, King (2 children), Lamb, Lansford, Lawrence (2 children), Lawson (2 children), Laws (5 children), Lee, Lephew, Lewis (2 families), Lightly (2 children), Lively, Locksam, Locus, Lucas, Lugrove, Lynch, Lynum (2 children), McCarty, McCoy, Maclin (3 children), McIntosh, Madden (2 children), Magee, Manly (two families), Mann, Martin, Mason, Matthews, Mays, Meade (2 children), Melvin, Miles, Mills, Morgan, Morris (3 families), Moss, Murphy, Murray, Murrow, Nicholas, Norris, Neal Norman, Norton, Okey, Oliver, Overton (2 families), Owens, Oxendine, Palmer, Parsons, Parker, Parr, Payne, Peacock, Perkins (4 children), Peters, Phillips (2 children), Pierce, Pittman, Pitts, Poe, Powell, Price, Proctor, Pryor, Pursley, Ralls, Range (2 children), Ratcliff, Redman, Reed, Rich (2 children), Ridley, Roach, Roberts (2 children), Robinson (2 children), Rollins, Ross, Rowe, Rowland, Ruffs, Russell (2 families), Sample (2 children), Saunders, Scott (3 families), Selden, Shepherd (two families), Simmons, Simms, Simpson, Slaxton, Smith (5 families), Sneed, Sorrell, Sparrow, Spiller, Spriddle (2 children), Spriggs, Stephens, Stewart, Stringer, Swan, Symons, Tate (4 children), Thomas (2 children), Timber, Toney, Tootle, Toyer, Turner, Tyler, Tyner, Tyre, Underwood, Venie/ Venners (2 children), Verty, Viers, Walker, Wallace, Warwick, Watkins (3 children), Webb (two families), Welch, West (2 families, 3 children), Whistler (3 children), White (four families), Wiggins (2 children), Williams (3 families), Wilson (2 families, 4 children), Winn, Wise, Wood (3 families, 5 children), Wooten, Worrell, Wright and Young (2 families). It is also likely that the following families descended from white women: Ailstock, Ashe, Alden, Bailey, Ball, Bannister, Bartlett/ Bartley, Battles, Berry, Beverly, Bond, Bowers, Bowman, Brandom/ Branham, Brogdon, Burrell, Byrd (of Essex County), Caton, Causey, Chandler, Chapman, Churchwell, Cooper, Coy, Curtis, Dove, Drake, Dungee, Drew, Dunlop, Fields, Flood, Flowers, Fortune, Fry, Garner, Garnes, Hartless, Harvey, Hawley, Hays, Hearn, Hickman, Hill, Humbles, Hunt, Hurst, Jackson, Joiner, Lemon, Ligon, Lowery, Mealy, Meggs, Milton/ Melton, Monoggin, Munday, Muns, Otter, Page, Pickett, Plumly, Powers, Pugh, Rawlinson, Redcross, Richardson (2 families), Rouse, Sawyer, Shoemaker, Spelman, Spruce, Teamer, Toulson, Twopence, Valentine, Walden, Wilkins and Womble.For white women who had children by slaves in Maryland, see
http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/Intro_md.htm. See endnote for other white women who had mixed-race children.
Families descended from freed slaves include: Africa, Anderson, Andrews, Archer, Artis, Black, Bowser, Braveboy, Brown, Cane, Carter, Charity, Churton, Cole, Cook, Cornish, Cuffee, Cumbo, Dove, Driggers, Drury, Edwards, George, Gowen, Harmon, Harris, Jacobs, James, Jeffries, Johnson, Leviner, Lytle, Manuel, Mongom, Moore, Mordick, Newton, Nickens, Payne, Sisco, and Tann families. Families descended from Indians who married into the free African American community include: Bass, Cockran, Cypress, Findley, Hatcher, Hatfield/ Hatter, Hiter, Jeffery, Jumper, Kinney, Lang, Lawrence, Logan, Month, Pinn, Press, Teague, Robins, and Vaughan. Families descended from white men who married free African American women include: Berry, Collins (South Carolina), Combs, Davis, Hailey, Holman, Ivey, Landrum, Lantern, Locklear, Newsom, Norwood, Pendarvis, Silver, Snelling, Skipper and Sweat.
Table 1. Descendancy of Free African American Families in This Genealogy: Virginia and North Carolina
White servant women 379
Freed slaves 50
Indians 29
White men 19
Long read,
http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/introduction.htm
Black Slaveowners: Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina, 1790-1860
Most Americans, both black and white, believe that slavery was a system maintained by whites to exploit blacks, but this authoritative study reveals the extent to which African Americans played a significant role as slave masters. Examining South Carolina's diverse population of African-American slaveowners, the book demonstrates that free African Americans widely embraced slavery as a viable economic system and that they--like their white counterparts--exploited the labor of slaves on their farms and in their businesses. Drawing on the federal census, wills, mortgage bills of sale, tax returns, and newspaper advertisements, the author reveals the nature of African-American slaveholding, its complexity, and its rationales. He describes how some African-American slave masters had earned their freedom but how many others--primarily mulattoes born of free parents--were unfamiliar with slavery's dehumanization.
https://www.amazon.com/Black-Slaveowners...ave+owners
